The Plight of pre-Independence African independent church congregants

Plantation slaves gathered outside their huts in Virginia. PHOTO | WORLD HISTORY ARCHIVE

Early missionaries in Kenya insisted that Christianity must be accompanied by cultural transference, forcing Africans to give up their cultural and religious traditions which were demonised and considered retrogressive, primitive, and uncivilised.

This led to confrontation and in the case of Central Kenya, female circumcision was the battleground with the conservative traditionalists refusing to give up the practice.

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